PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: DEFINITION, ORIGIN, LIST, USES, POPULARITY & FULL DETAILS.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: DEFINITION, ORIGIN, LIST, USES, POPULARITY & FULL DETAILS.

 

 

Definition

 

A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that genrate various kinds of output.

Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement the algorithms.

Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers to do things in a specific way.

For example Cobol, C++, SPSS, TORA, Python, Latex etc.

Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML .

 

Origin

 

Officially, the first programming language for a computer was Plankalkül , developed by Konrad Zuse for the Z3 between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998.

In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus. It was the first widely used high-level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation. 

It is still a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.

Short Code, which was proposed by John Mauchly in 1949, is considered to be the first high-level programming language.

It was designed to represent mathematical expressions in a format readable by human beings.

However, because it had to be translated into machine code before it could be executed, it had relatively slow processing speeds.

Other early programming languages were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, including Autocode, COBOL, FLOW-MATIC, and LISP.

 

Early developments

 

Firstly Programming languages called as Machine languages.

They  were later termed as first-generation programming languages (1GL).

The next step was development of so-called second-generation programming languages (2GL) or assembly languages, These served to make the program much more human-readable and relieved the programmer of tedious and error-prone address calculations.

The first high-level programming languages, or third-generation programming languages (3GL), were written in the 1950s. 

 

Programming Language has 2 Elements:

1.Syntax

 

A programming language's surface form is known as its syntax.

Most programming languages are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like written natural languages.

On the other hand, there are some programming languages which are more graphical in nature, using visual relationships between symbols to specify a program.

 

2.Semantics

 

The term semantics refers to the meaning of languages, as opposed to their form which called as syntax.

It also divided into Static Semantic and Dynamic Semantic.

 

Static Semantics: It means that your programming statement definitely have zero chance of generating more than one results according to the grammar rules.

 

Dynamic Semantics: It means that program will execute according to the meaning of a syntax of programming language has potential to update its context.

Dynamic semantics was originally developed by Irene Heim and Hans Kamp in 1981.

 

e.g.-(relative clause): Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.

(conditional): If a farmer owns a donkey, he beats it.

 

 

 

 

Difference Between Natural and Programming Languages

 

·         Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate with the machines.

·         More than 7000 Natural languages currently in the world and Programming languages are currently around 500 to 2000 which very less in number as compared to Natural languages.

·         All active computer languages is between 5,000 and 25,000.

·         The first programming language for a computer was Plankalkül , developed by Konrad Zuse for the Z3 between 1943 and 1945 and Egyptian is may be the oldest natural language in world around 2690 B.C (because some people believe that Greek language is oldest and some say Chinese).

 

How Prgramming languages Work?

 

Firstly, Work of Programming languages depends on 3 Factors:

 

1.Function and target

For different targets there are different functions or programs to execute and get the results. For example PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. 

2. Abstractions

Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. 

3. Expressive power

The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing. The ability to express any possible algorithm is called Turing Complete.

The Language with more expressive power is Turing Complete.

 

Turing-complete Language

 

In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine.

This means that this system is able to recognize or decide other data-manipulation rule sets.

Turing completeness is used as a way to express the power of such a data-manipulation rule set.

Virtually all programming languages today are Turing-complete.

A related concept is that of Turing equivalence – two computers P and Q are called equivalent if P can simulate Q and Q can simulate P. 

A programming language is Turing complete if you can implement any possible algorithm with it.

The concept is named after English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing.

e.g.- C, Pascal, C#, C++, Java, Ada, Python, R, Lisp, Fortron, Prolog etc.

 

Markup Language

 

A markup language is a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text, meaning when the document is processed for display, the markup language is not shown, and is only used to format the text.

there is increasing use of markup languages in the presentation of other types of information, including playlists, vector graphics, web services, content syndication, and user interfaces.

e.g.- BBC, HTML, SGML, XML, Troff , nroff, Postscript, Latex, Scribe etc.

 

 

Classification of Languages according to Level

 

 

 

Low-Level Programming Language 

 

A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions.

Low level of language is near to the machine and far away from the programmer. 

The low-level language is not easy to understand, and it is machine dependent language.

Because of the low (hence the word) abstraction between the language and machine language, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware".

Low-level language is divided into two parts: Machine language and Assembly Language.

 

Machine Language

 

The machine language is the mixture of binary digits or bits, which can be read and interpreted by the computer.

 

The machine language is the only language that is understood by the computer.

 

The language is in the form of 0’s, and 1’s so, no one can understand this language quickly.

 

The machine language is the hardware-dependent programming language.

 

The code in machine language is the only computer program which is understandable by the computer and directly executed by the Central processing unit (CPU).

 

 

Assembly Language

 

The assembly language lies in between the machine language and high-level language.

 

It is the low-level language for microprocessors and other programmable devices. An assembly language is a batch of languages, and it is not a single language.

 

This language implements the symbolic representation of the machine code. The assemblers use in assembly language, and these are similar to the compiler.

 

The assembler is capable of converting the assembly code into binary code with the help of the basic commands and the operations.

 

 

Middle-Level Language

 

 

The middle-level language lies in between the low level and high-level language.

 

C language is the middle-level language. Java and C++ are also middle-level languages.

 

The middle-level programming language interacts with the abstraction layer of a computer system.

 

It serves as the bridge between the raw hardware and programming layer of the computer system.

 

The middle-level language is also known as the intermediate programming language and pseudo-language.

 

 

High-Level Programming Language 

 

 

A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer.

 

In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level language.

 

 

Popular Programming Language

 

 

 

What makes Programming languages popular?

The following properties are key points that makes a programming language.

 

1.  Easy of use

2.  Versatileness

3.  Basis of other Languages

4.  Flexibility

5.  Fastness or speed

6.  Applicational Uses

7.  Simple syntax languages

 

TIOBE Index

Since we will be ranking our most used programming languages on the Tiobe Index, we need to build at least a general understanding of how it works and what it takes into account.

The Tiobe Index takes data from hundreds of different sources, compiles it, and spits it out in list form. The Tiobe Index rankings are based on several metrics, including:

• The number of experienced engineers in the language worldwide. More skilled developers in a language mean that the language is going to be more popular.
• The number of courses available for a language. This indicates the demand for a particular language, the number of people who are learning it, and how widespread it is likely to be in the future.
• The search engine popularity of the language. Again, this indicates how popular a language is to the general public. More popular languages are more likely to be used.

The Tiobe language rating is calculated by taking the percentage of programming search engine hits that belong to that language.

 

List of Programming Languages

 

A

·         A.NET

·         A-0 System

·         A+

·         ABAP

·         ABC

·         ABC ALGOL

·         ACC

·         Accent

·         Ace DASL (Distributed Application Specification Language)

·         Action!

·         ActionScript

·         Actor

·         Ada

·         Adenine

·         Agda

·         Agilent VEE

·         Agora

·         AIMMS

·         Aldor

·         Alef

·         ALF

·         ALGOL 58

·         ALGOL 60

·         ALGOL 68

·         ALGOL W

·         Alice

·         Alma-0

·         AmbientTalk

·         Amiga E

·         AMOS

·         AMPL

·         AngelScript

·         Apache Pig latin

·         Apex

·         APL

·         App Inventor for Android's visual block language

·         AppleScript

·         APT

·         Arc

·         ARexx

·         Argus

·         Assembly language

·         AutoHotkey

·         AutoIt

·         AutoLISP / Visual LISP

·         Averest

·         AWK

·         Axum

B

·         Babbage

·         Ballerina

·         Bash

·         BASIC

·         Batch file (Windows/MS-DOS)

·         bc

·         BCPL

·         BeanShell

·         Bertrand

·         BETA

·         BLISS

·         Blockly

·         BlooP

·         Boo

·         Boomerang

·         Bosque

C

·         C – ISO/IEC 9899

·         C-- (C minus minus)

·         C++ (C plus plus) – ISO/IEC 14882

·         C*

·         C# (C sharp) – ISO/IEC 23270

·         C/AL

·         Caché ObjectScript

·         C Shell (csh)

·         Caml

·         Cayenne

·         CDuce

·         Cecil

·         Cesil

·         Céu

·         Ceylon

·         CFEngine

·         Cg

·         Ch

·         Chapel

·         Charm

·         CHILL

·         CHIP-8

·         chomski

·         ChucK

·         Cilk

·         CL (IBM)

·         Claire

·         Clarion

·         Clean

·         Clipper

·         CLIPS

·         CLIST

·         Clojure

·         CLU

·         CMS-2

·         COBOL – ISO/IEC 1989

·         CobolScript – COBOL Scripting language

·         Cobra

·         CoffeeScript

·         ColdFusion

·         COMAL

·         Combined Programming Language (CPL)

·         COMIT

·         Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

·         Common Lisp (also known as CL)

·         COMPASS

·         Component Pascal

·         Constraint Handling Rules (CHR)

·         COMTRAN

·         Cool

·         Coq

·         Coral 66

·         CorVision

·         COWSEL

·         CPL

·         Cryptol

·         Crystal

·         Csound

·         Cuneiform

·         Curl

·         Curry

·         Cybil

·         Cyclone

·         Cypher Query Language

·         Cython

·         CEEMAC

D

·         D

·         Dart

·         Darwin

·         DataFlex

·         Datalog

·         DATATRIEVE

·         dBase

·         dc

·         DCL

·         DinkC

·         DIBOL

·         Dog

·         Draco

·         DRAKON

·         Dylan

·         DYNAMO

·         DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)

E

·         E

·         Ease

·         Easy PL/I

·         EASYTRIEVE PLUS

·         eC

·         ECMAScript

·         Edinburgh IMP

·         EGL

·         Eiffel

·         ELAN

·         Elixir

·         Elm

·         Emacs Lisp

·         Emerald

·         Epigram

·         EPL (Easy Programming Language)

·         EPL (Eltron Programming Language)

·         Erlang

·         es

·         Escher

·         ESPOL

·         Esterel

·         Etoys

·         Euclid

·         Euler

·         Euphoria

·         EusLisp Robot Programming Language

·         CMS EXEC (EXEC)

·         EXEC 2

·         Executable UML

·         Ezhil

F

·         F

·         F#

·         F*

·         Factor

·         Fantom

·         FAUST

·         FFP

·         fish

·         Fjölnir

·         FL

·         Flavors

·         Flex

·         FlooP

·         FLOW-MATIC

·         FOCAL

·         FOCUS

·         FOIL

·         FORMAC

·         @Formula

·         Forth

·         Fortran – ISO/IEC 1539

·         Fortress

·         FP

·         Franz Lisp

·         FreeBasic

·         Futhark

·         F-Script

G

·         Game Maker Language (Scripting language)

·         GameMonkey Script

·         GAMS

·         GAP

·         G-code

·         GDScript

·         Genie

·         GDL

·         GEORGE

·         GLSL

·         GNU E

·         GNU Guile

·         Go

·         Go!

·         GOAL

·         Gödel

·         Golo

·         GOM (Good Old Mad)

·         Google Apps Script

·         Gosu

·         GOTRAN

·         GPSS

·         GraphTalk

·         GRASS

·         Grasshopper

·         Groovy

H

·         Hack

·         HAGGIS

·         HAL/S

·         Halide (programming language)

·         Hamilton C shell

·         Harbour

·         Hartmann pipelines

·         Haskell

·         Haxe

·         Hermes

·         High Level Assembly

·         HLSL

·         Hollywood

·         HolyC

·         Hop

·         Hopscotch

·         Hope

·         Hugo

·         Hume

·         HyperTalk

I

·         Io

·         Icon

·         IBM Basic assembly language

·         IBM HAScript

·         IBM Informix-4GL

·         IBM RPG

·         IDL

·         Idris

·         Inform

J

·         J

·         J#

·         J++

·         JADE

·         JAL

·         Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)

·         Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)

·         JASS

·         Java

·         JavaFX Script

·         JavaScript(Scripting language)

·         Jess (programming language)

·         JCL

·         JEAN

·         Join Java

·         JOSS

·         Joule

·         JOVIAL

·         Joy

·         JScript

·         JScript .NET

·         Julia

·         Jython

K

·         K

·         Kaleidoscope

·         Karel

·         KEE

·         Kixtart

·         Klerer-May System

·         KIF

·         Kojo

·         Kotlin

·         KRC

·         KRL

·         KRL (KUKA Robot Language)

·         KRYPTON

·         Korn shell (ksh)

·         Kodu

·         Kv

L

·         LabVIEW

·         Ladder

·         LANSA

·         Lasso

·         Lava

·         LC-3

·         Legoscript

·         LIL

·         LilyPond

·         Limbo

·         Limnor

·         LINC

·         Lingo

·         LINQ

·         LIS

·         LISA

·         Language H

·         Lisp – ISO/IEC 13816

·         Lite-C

·         Lithe

·         Little b

·         LLL

·         Logo

·         Logtalk

·         LotusScript

·         LPC

·         LSE

·         LSL

·         LiveCode

·         LiveScript

·         Lua

·         Lucid

·         Lustre

·         LYaPAS

·         Lynx

M

·         M2001

·         M4

·         M#

·         Machine code

·         MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder)

·         MAD/I

·         Magik

·         Magma

·         Máni

·         Maple

·         MAPPER (now part of BIS)

·         MARK-IV (now VISION:BUILDER)

·         Mary

·         MATLAB

·         MASM Microsoft Assembly x86

·         MATH-MATIC

·         Maude system

·         Maxima (see also Macsyma)

·         Max (Max Msp – Graphical Programming Environment)

·         MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max

·         Maya (MEL)

·         MDL

·         Mercury

·         Mesa

·         MHEG-5 (Interactive TV programming language)

·         Microcode

·         MicroScript

·         MIIS

·         Milk (programming language)

·         MIMIC

·         Mirah

·         Miranda

·         MIVA Script

·         ML

·         Model 204

·         Modelica

·         Modula

·         Modula-2

·         Modula-3

·         Mohol

·         MOO

·         Mortran

·         Mouse

·         MPD

·         MSL

·         MUMPS

·         MuPAD

·         Mutan

·         Mystic Programming Language (MPL)

N

·         NASM

·         Napier88

·         Neko

·         Nemerle

·         NESL

·         Net.Data

·         NetLogo

·         NetRexx

·         NewLISP

·         NEWP

·         Newspeak

·         NewtonScript

·         Nial

·         Nickle (NITIN)

·         Nim

·         Nix (Systems configuration language)

·         NPL

·         Not eXactly C (NXC)

·         Not Quite C (NQC)

·         NSIS

·         Nu

·         NWScript

·         NXT-G

O

·         o:XML

·         Oak

·         Oberon

·         OBJ2

·         Object Lisp

·         ObjectLOGO

·         Object REXX

·         Object Pascal

·         Objective-C

·         Objective-J

·         Obliq

·         OCaml

·         occam

·         occam-π

·         Octave

·         OmniMark

·         Opa

·         Opal

·         OpenCL

·         OpenEdge ABL

·         OPL

·         OpenVera

·         OPS5

·         OptimJ

·         Orc

·         ORCA/Modula-2

·         Oriel

·         Orwell

·         Oxygene

·         Oz

P

·         P

·         P4

·         P′′

·         ParaSail (programming language)

·         PARI/GP

·         Pascal – ISO 7185

·         Pascal Script

·         PCASTL

·         PCF

·         PEARL

·         PeopleCode

·         Perl

·         PDL

·         Pharo

·         PHP

·         Pico

·         Picolisp

·         Pict

·         Pike

·         PILOT

·         Pipelines

·         Pizza

·         PL-11

·         PL/0

·         PL/B

·         PL/C

·         PL/I – ISO 6160

·         PL/M

·         PL/P

·         PL/SQL

·         PL360

·         PLANC

·         Plankalkül

·         Planner

·         PLEX

·         PLEXIL

·         Plus

·         POP-11

·         POP-2

·         PostScript

·         PortablE

·         POV-Ray SDL

·         Powerhouse

·         PowerBuilder – 4GL GUI application generator from Sybase

·         PowerShell

·         PPL

·         Processing

·         Processing.js

·         Prograph

·         PROIV

·         Prolog

·         PROMAL

·         Promela

·         PROSE modeling language

·         PROTEL

·         ProvideX

·         Pro*C

·         Pure

·         Pure Data

·         PureScript

·         Python

Q

·         Q (programming language from Kx Systems)

·         Q# (Microsoft programming language)

·         Qalb

·         Quantum Computation Language

·         QtScript

·         QuakeC

·         QPL

·         .QL

R

·         R

·         R++

·         Racket

·         Raku

·         RAPID

·         Rapira

·         Ratfiv

·         Ratfor

·         rc

·         Reason

·         REBOL

·         Red

·         Redcode

·         REFAL

·         REXX

·         Rlab

·         ROOP

·         RPG

·         RPL

·         RSL

·         RTL/2

·         Ruby

·         Rust

S

·         S

·         S2

·         S3

·         S-Lang

·         S-PLUS

·         SA-C

·         SabreTalk

·         SAIL

·         SAS

·         SASL

·         Sather

·         Sawzall

·         Scala

·         Scheme

·         Scilab

·         Scratch

·         Script.NET

·         Sed

·         Seed7

·         Self

·         SenseTalk

·         SequenceL

·         Serpent

·         SETL

·         SIMPOL

·         SIGNAL

·         SiMPLE

·         SIMSCRIPT

·         Simula

·         Simulink

·         Singularity

·         SISAL

·         SLIP

·         SMALL

·         Smalltalk

·         SML

·         Strongtalk

·         Snap!

·         SNOBOL (SPITBOL)

·         Snowball

·         SOL

·         Solidity

·         SOPHAEROS

·         Source

·         SPARK

·         Speakeasy

·         Speedcode

·         SPIN

·         SP/k

·         SPS

·         SQL

·         SQR

·         Squeak

·         Squirrel

·         SR

·         S/SL

·         Starlogo

·         Strand

·         Stata

·         Stateflow

·         Subtext

·         SBL

·         SuperCollider

·         SuperTalk

·         Swift (Apple programming language)

·         Swift (parallel scripting language)

·         SYMPL

·         SystemVerilog

T

·         T

·         TACL

·         TACPOL

·         TADS

·         TAL

·         Tcl

·         Tea

·         TECO

·         TELCOMP

·         TeX

·         TEX

·         TIE

·         TMG, compiler-compiler

·         Tom

·         Toi

·         Topspeed

·         TPU

·         Trac

·         TTM

·         T-SQL

·         Transcript

·         TTCN

·         Turing

·         TUTOR

·         TXL

·         TypeScript

·         Tynker

U

·         Ubercode

·         UCSD Pascal

·         Umple

·         Unicon

·         Uniface

·         UNITY

·         Unix shell

·         UnrealScript

V

·         Vala

·         Verilog

·         VHDL

·         Vim script

·         Viper

·         Visual DataFlex

·         Visual DialogScript

·         Visual FoxPro

·         Visual J++

·         Visual LISP

·         Visual Objects

·         Visual Prolog

W

·         WATFIV, WATFOR

·         WebAssembly

·         WebDNA

·         Whiley

·         Winbatch

·         Wolfram Language

·         Wyvern

X

·         X++

·         X10

·         xBase

·         xBase++

·         XBL

·         XC (targets XMOS architecture)

·         xHarbour

·         XL

·         Xojo

·         XOTcl

·         Xod

·         XPL

·         XPL0

·         XQuery

·         XSB

·         XSharp

·         XSLT

·         Xtend

Y

·         YAML

·         Yorick

·         YQL

·         Yoix

·         YUI

Z

·         Zebra, ZPL, ZPL2

·         Zeno

·         ZetaLisp

·         Zig

·         ZOPL

·         ZPL

·         Z++